The Neuropathology of AIDS :: AIDS Health Medicine Essays

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is a disease of an individual’s immune system caused by HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus 1). HIV-1 is a retrovirus of the lentivirus subfamily. This virus is atypical in that it does not require mitotically active cells to reproduce. Reproduction of the viral nucleic acids occurs in the nucleus of infected cells. Until recently it was believed that AIDS related deaths as a result of HIV infection were caused primarily by opportunistic infections, usually bacterial or fungal, gaining a foothold in an immuno-compromised individual. Many of these secondary infections are the result of T-cell mediated immunodeficiency induced by HIV. The sequels of HIV infection often leads to a neuropathological state as a result of unusual secondary infections such as Toxoplasmosis. Postmortem studies have demonstrated that in addition to secondary infection, neurological manifestations may be due to vascular events, tumors (CNS lymphoma) and direct HIV-1 infection. In humans, HIV is known to infect T-lymphocytes within the body binding to the CD-4 receptors present on the cell surface, but in the brain, recent studies have suggested that microglial cells and macrophages serve as the reservoirs of HIV. Direct central nervous system infection by HIV results in a condition known as AIDS Dementia Complex and as such will serve as the topic of this paper. AIDS Dementia Complex is defined as a constellation of signs and symptoms characterized by cognitive and motor decline. HIV-1 infection occurs early in the course of the disease and may be the sole symptom of infection. HIV encephalopathy is the most common neurological disorder of HIV positive individuals, even more common than neurological opportunistic infections. HIV encephalopathy is characterized by slowly progressing cognitive impairment, psychomotoric slowing and increased apathy, and is limited exclusively to the late stages of HIV infection. It is estimated that between 40 to 70 percent of full-blown AIDS patients are affected by HIV encephalopathy. The mechanism by which HIV invades the brain and causes the subsequent encephalopathy are yet to be fully understood. It has been hypothesized that indirect effects of HIV infection of the brain are the most pathogenic factors. Certain viral proteins and cytokines produced by infected macrophages or activated microglia induce ne uronal dysfunction and loss of nerve cells. An understanding of the role of microglia and its relationship with surrounding neuroglial cells appears to be vital. Microglial cells are present at all levels of the neuroaxis including the spinal cord.

Men’s Wearhouse: Success in a Declining Industry Essay

Diagnosis: After reading the whole case, I believe that the hiring policy was not followed was the biggest problem. The reason that was because the regional and district managers did not really follow the way it should be. Since the company expanded rapidly, the managers had the pressure to fill positions quickly in order to run the company well. At the meanwhile, managers had to check a large numbers of applications from sales people from other retailers and it was really hard for managers to recognize who were potentially consultants, not clerks. Therefore, there was tendency to hire those who had more experiences. The company spent a lot of resources on training people who grew up in retail they lack of potential to be consultants and mentally being a sort of â€Å"clerk† kind and it would be less effective. Also when they face to customers they probably lack of passion and sluggishly during work. The long-term impact of the problem would be there were not enough employees qualified as consultants and clerks would not get promoted. And customers who were treated sluggishly would not come back, eventually would affect company’s reputation and sales volume in long-term Analysis: Since employees who grew up in retail they lack of potential to be consultants and mentally being a sort of â€Å"clerk† kind, therefore it would be hard for company to change their minds. By using SWOT analysis, I found out strengths of this company was the core idea that they are not just selling cloths but also understanding people, both your teammates and your customers. The weakness was not every employee understand this idea and treat customers the company wishes. Opportunities were their minds would be change after intensive training. Threat would be company spent extra resources on training. Recommendation: My suggestion on this problem is managers should be more responsible for hiring employees, and also they can get commissions if people who get promoted as qualified consultants. In the meanwhile, their wages would reduce if potential consultants perform badly in the future. By performance appraisal and sales data, superior mangers can make decisions on whether inferior managers get commissions or not. Outcomes: I expect mangers would follow the fundamental way to hire employees and they directly take responsibilities for their performance of those they hired. Mangers would be careful when they check the applications and since the employees have more consultant potentials than being a â€Å"clerk†, the company would save a lot of resources and spend these resources on more effective uses

Indus Valley Civilization Seals Found In Mesopotamia, Suggest

Indus Valley civilization seals found in Mesopotamia, suggest the existence of trade among ancient valley civilizations. There are evidences that the Harappans acquired raw materials from great distances that perhaps suggest very first signs of international trade. Centuries have passed by, but an ideal trade system to truly benefit everyone is not yet developed. During the colonial era, the European countries exploited labor and resources from the colonies while propagating global trade. Post the World War II, the developed nations, helped by the GATT and later by WTO, continued to encourage free world trade. Until the 1990s, free world trade had evidently supported the economic growth of developed countries as well as developing nations.†¦show more content†¦There are policies and fines against dumping under WTO’s regulation which would benefit the U.S. if any firm is found guilty. (China GDP Annual Growth Rate, 2017) The Chinese economy expanded at a growth rate of 6.8 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016, whereas, (United States GDP Growth Rate, 2017) the U.S. economy grew at a rate of 2.1 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016. (Trade in Goods with China, 2016) The United States had a trade deficit of USD 347,037.9 million against China in the year of 2016. The above statistics indicate that China’s growth rate is more than three times of the U.S. Because of practicing free trade, American firms outsource most of the unskilled labor intensive jobs to China. The government may give subsidies to local infant industries as well as dying traditional industries to protect domestic jobs and to discourage outsourcing. For example, giving subsidies to clothing industries would help to reduce production costs and enable the firms to compete with Chinese competitors. The local content requirement in goods can be increased significantly to protect jobs and intellectual property. Stricter administrative policies and higher import quotas on Chine se goods may be implemented to discourage the imports from China. The U.S. car and passenger industries have superior technology, skilled labor, and resources as compared to China and by implementing local requirement restrictions, import quotas andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Harappa and Aryans 1500 B.C.E1299 Words   |  6 Pagesdrains to carry away the wastewater. The covered drains along the city streets were a technological masterpiece and more sanitary than those found in many modern cities. It was not until modern times that the urban sanitation anywhere duplicate and then exceed Harappan models. The close attention to providing and carrying away water and the huge public baths suggest an emphasis on washing and personal cleanliness for ritual purity which later became important in Indian religion. 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